Genetic Engineering Essay - 633 Words

Genetic Engineering Two years ago, genetically engineered bacteria, which unexpectently killed beneficial soil fungi, escaped into sewers through human error and have become toxic to plants and survived when expected not to.3 These are the sorts of consequences that come with playing God. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the chemical compound that makes up the genes and determines the type of proteins a cell can make - is the core of genetic engineering. It can be manipulated in ways we could never dream of such as a new species of a catwoman or fishman. There are so many questions that each person must ask each other before making any sort of decision that would effect the future of genetic engineering towards humans. The risks of DNA†¦show more content†¦Reports on genetic engineering show that scientists and reporters rarely reveal the powerful dangers at present. It just shows that some regulation is desperately needed. Even if it only limits the media and other publications. People need to know the truth and the whole truth and nothing but the truth, which includes both sides, good and bad, and in this case, especially the bad. To many people, it is also a moral or ethical consideration. Many people feel strongly that it is not for us to decide what each person is going to look and act like. To them, the idea of playing God is an outrageous sin. If we look at this picture and understand the concept behind The Angel weaving our genes to create us,2 we see the importance of listening to other people and their beliefs. When there are stands against genetic engineering from these people we must listen to them also and not cast them away as just religious fanatics or bible bashers. Not only does gene shopping create a greater similarity among people, but it leaves the door open for total annihilation of the species. When there are a great load of people with similar make-ups, the threat of disease increases. If one person gets a disease, all those similar to him/her will be vulnerable to the disease as well. Immune systems are not able to combat the viruses and bacteria because there is no variety. DNA strands are just too delicate and complex. The idea of that we can fullyShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering ( Genetic Modification )991 Words   |  4 PagesRevised HOMEWORK 1 (a) Genetic engineering (genetic modification) is a process by which an organism’s genome can be modified using various biotechnology techniques. The process involves manipulating the DNA of an organism or transferring genes into an organism to create a new and improved version. DNA sequences of certain organisms are inserted into different organisms or within the same organism to help us obtain favorable outcomes. Genetic engineering can be used to increase the disease resistanceRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Human Engineering3020 Words   |  13 PagesGenetic engineering is a highly debated topic across the world right now as countries are split for and against genetically altering crops and livestock. The simple definition for genetic engineering according to CSIRO is â€Å"The use of modern biotechnology techniques to change genes of an organism, such as plant or animal.†(CSIRO, 2007) The techniques or steps to genetic engineering are quite technical. The first stage of genetic engineering is to isolate the DNA from the organism. Once the DNA strandRead MoreGenetic Engineering In Our Food.. Genetic Engineering,1514 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Engineering in Our Food Genetic Engineering, more accurately referred to as â€Å"Bioballistics† a process where a small metal projectile is covered in plasmid DNA is fired at a small petri dish where Germ Cells of another organism awaits. The disruption of the cells delicate state causes destabilization, and the cells stabilize elements from both the fired DNA and the Germ cells merge. This process did not exist until quite recently, between the years 1983 and 1986 the first Gene Gun was developedRead MoreThe Process Of Genetic Engineering2336 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is genetic engineering? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.1 History of genetic modified food--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.2 The process of genetic engineering in crop (plant) --------------------------------------------- 2.0 Genetic modified crops worldwide----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1 Leading countries implementing genetic engineering------------------------------------------Read MoreGenetic Engineering Of A Food979 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering Agitation Imagine a world where medicines are taken by eating bananas, there are no shots, where tomatoes outlive frosts, plants are pesticide resistant, and one can get their recommended daily vitamins from rice. These occurrences are real, and they have succeeded. Scientist who study biotechnology use genetic engineering to create healthier and longer lasting food. This new technology is evolutionary and has many benefits, but it also has downfalls. Genetic engineering, or geneticallyRead MoreWhat Are Genetic Engineering?1634 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies include endowment of nutrient supplements, enrichment of processed foods to contain more nutrient content, and enhancement of staple crops with increases essential nutrient contents, known as biofortification (Zhu et al., 2007). Genetic engineering (GE) has proven to be the consistent approach for biofortification due to the limitless diversity available within the specific gene pools of the staple foods and can, therefore, be implemented directly to cultivars without the complex breedingRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Science And The Economy1495 Words   |  6 Pagesordered main course would preferably be prepared baked, fried, or genetically engineered. Though odd, this question is coming sooner than later. Even though genetic engineering has been around for a long time, due to its increased advances, no longer is it an ignored issue. In fact, it is causing quite a controversy. Some feel, genetic engineering is a scientist s way of playing God, creating elements and bodies that were not intended to be on Earth. Possibly, there is some truth to this belief;Read More Genetic Engineering Essay example2745 Words   |  11 PagesGenetic Engineering There are many risks involved in genetic engineering. The release of genetically altered organisms in the environment can increase human suffering, decrease animal welfare, and lead to ecological disasters. The containment of biotechnological material in laboratories and industrial plants contributes to the risk of accidental release, especially if the handling and storage are inadequate. The purely political dangers include intensified economic inequality, the possibilityRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetic Modification1518 Words   |  7 Pageswrite my paper about Genetic engineering also known as genetic modification. In a nutshell genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. This topic has been researched for decades but still has quite some time to be fully mastered in all possible circumstan ces. When I think of genetic engineering I think of differentRead MoreThe Genetic Engineering of Human Food1924 Words   |  8 Pages Genetic Engineering refers to the direct manipulation of the genetic information of living beings. The genes, embedded in the DNA, are the blueprints of life which determine particular traits in an organism. With Biotechnology, Genetic Engineers are able to replace these genes from one organism to another, resulting in completely new combinations of traits which do not occur in nature. These Genetically Modified Organisms are artificially enhanced to express desired characteristics that are useful

Constitution and Levinson Ideal - 1574 Words

Matthew Schrock Dr Bruce Rockwood Law 331 Sec 01 â€Å"Constitution and Levinson Ideal† After the United States gained Independence on July 4th 1776, there was a need for a new rule on law and basic rights. The foundation of our country needed an official document to be established and written for future generations and for concrete reference. The original idea regarding the document, was thought necessary to be drafted from the Articles of Confederation, but later this idea was deterred. The Constitution was created on new precedent and adopted on September 17th, 1787. Our Constitution was written to be the backbone of our established government â€Å"for the people by the people†. According to the Independence Hall Association’s†¦show more content†¦These memos are an accumulation and explanation of events of torture or as the CIA calls Enhanced Interrogation. â€Å"The basic problem with the presidency is the possibility that the occupant of the White House is too unconstrained and can all too easily engage in dramatic exertions of power, especially in the realm of foreign policy (Pp.107,Levinson) The President is the Commander In Chief of the military. The president is the highest rank in the military and most of the time has no military training with rein over it. The President might not have the right to go to war, but he certainly has the privilege. Regarding presidential removal, Levinson has section titled â€Å"On Malfeasance and Misfeasance: Why Criminal Presidents Less of a Threat than an Merely Incompetent Ones†(pp.114-21). In this section, He explains in Great Britain, that the prime minister can be â€Å"unceremoniously dumped†(p116,Levinson) In the United States, that is not an option. In the cases of going to war without consent, it could be interpreted that He has the authority over the military so he needs to make the ultimate decision for them. We need to have criminal charges for the declaration of war, so if we made it law he can’t do instead of about what he can do, then maybe more control will be held by the people and not one man. In the Senate there are two representatives from each State, meaning equal representation. â€Å"Equal† sounds like a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of A New Constitution Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral notable complications with our current constitution are issues with the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of Government. In response, the class of BCPP-101 has been tasked with the writing of a new constitution to address the inadequacies and issues that we have perceived with our current Constitution. After careful deliberation and much debate, we have crafted a new document we believe stands superior to our current Constitution. In it we have attempted to mend the issues foundRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1825 Words   |  8 Pagesit is not mandated as much, it becomes a problem in disputing what is and what is not right. The United States of America faces this issue as they struggle deciding what the meaning of what church and state really is. In order to follow the U.S. Constitution, separation of church and state should always be enforced among the people. With the phrase, separation of church and state, what does church really mean? It does not necessarily mean a building for Christian worship. The Supreme Court ruled inRead MoreThe Core Values All Citizens Of The United States Share Are Liberty, Equality, And Democracy Essay2176 Words   |  9 Pagesequal representation in the political atmosphere, namely voting. Undoubtedly, many Americans would consider the ability to vote fairly and freely a fundamental right granted by the Constitution. However, one would be amazed to realize that the right is not specifically stated anywhere within the original Constitution, any of its provisions, or the Bill of Rights. There are centuries of history and legislation that allows Americans the right to represent themselves as a â€Å"government by the people,Read MoreEssay on The Shaping of the U.S. Constitution2037 Words   |  9 PagesConfederation. The result of this meeting was the creation of the U.S. Constitution that would soon become th e ultimate directive for both Federal and State Governments. Since its birth it has been revised, amended, and ratified in order to solidify the allocation of power between the separate branches of government. Although this may be the case, distribution of the powers has been disputed ever since the formation of the Constitution. These political, legal, and quasi-legal constitutional disputes triggeredRead MoreIncarceration: Prison and Inmates10532 Words   |  43 Pagessystem was born in London, as a result of the views of Jeremy Bentham. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment, and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. Before the Constitution was written in 1789, there were no prisons in the United States. Convicted criminals were sentenced to forms of punishments the were vastly different than incarceration. There were strict and unusual punishment for serious crimes. These punishmentsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesRights Act of 1866 than a hundred years. For instance, Section 1981 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code, Federal law that prohibited discrimireferred to as the Civil Rights Act of 1866, coupled with the Fourteenth Amendnation based on race. ment to the Constitution (1868), prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, sex, and national origin. Although these earlier actions have been overshadowed by the 1964 act, they’ve gained prominence in years past as being the laws that white male workers could use

Evolution of Science Free Essays

Loose change menu- McDonald’s have created a menu consisting of meals no more expensive than two dollars (loose change) which attracts customers with small amounts of money on them e students key phrase used by McDonald’s Is: ‘A little loose change, goes a long way. This marketing strategy Is aimed at budget-focused customers aged between 14 – 25 2. Coca-Cola crown glass- McDonald’s have release six limited edition Coca-Cola glasses which a customer can receive after the purchase of any large extra value al. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now The six glasses are only around for a limited time which gives the public an incentive to purchase a meal to collect as many limited edition glasses as possible. Key phrase: Hurry there only available for a limited time. This marketing techniques Is aimed at all customers aged between 20 – 40 2. Cheap easy Birthday parties- Birthday parties at McDonald’s are extremely popular for kids aged between five and ten. There are three relatively cheap Cossacks and attractive to parent’s who want an easy alternative for their child party. McDonald’s describe the preparation their birthday parties as care free for parent’s and that all they have to do is enjoy the atmosphere. Key phrase: We give your child a birthday party to remember! ‘ 3. Big Mac chant- McDonald’s have a competition that asks you to film yourself singing the big Mac chant. By voting for a chant you receive a free Big Mac. This gives customers the incentive to vote and receive a free big Mac at the same time its a big add for the big Mac. Key phrase get voting now Outlining social media to spread their message florally. Art 2: ) On the McDonald’s website there Is a section called our food and our nutrition, on the page it describes the healthy changes and alternatives McDonald’s have made to their meals. This has been used to Inform the public of the healthy meals that are available at McDonald’s. No I do not because children do not usually look Into the nutrition In their food. 2) McDonald’s have also sponsored children’s sporting event e. G. Little athletics, swimming Queensland. This has been used for people to associate being active and playing sport with ‘OFF eating McDonald’s giving the healthier image. Yes I think it interlines young people to believe that McDonald’s are a healthy fast food restraint, for the reason that they are sponsoring their sporting team. 3) Burger King- Released a limited time turkey burger in its attempt at releasing healthier option to the public. But still weighs in at 530 calories. This has been to make customers believe that what they are eating is good for them when really its Just as bad as any other meal on the menu. Yes I think it influences young people because they are easily persuaded into leveling a meal is good for them. ) McDonald’s’ new McGraw uses a green label to trick customers into thinking it’s healthier. When really it’s only 10 calories less than the normal Grilled Ranch Snack Wrap. This has been used to make the food seem healthy Yes I think it influences young people because most young people associate the color green with healthy food. 5) KEF being the official sponsor of cricket Australia. This ha s been used to associate the game of cricket with the food KEF, giving Cuff’s food and image a healthy active look. Yes I do think it influence young people because they watch the cricket and see adds for KEF with members of the cricket team in them influencing them to believe the food is healthy/ part 3 Two American teenagers suing McDonald’s For: The two girls were lured into McDonald’s by the toys, the playground, the happy meals and the birthday parties. The persuasive television ads also played a factor in them eating there regularly. The two girls had no choice but to eat there because they lived in a remote area of America where McDonald’s was one of the cheapest and only places to eat at. Against: The two teenagers ate at McDonald’s at least seven times a week for years. Although they state they were unaware of how fattening McDonald’s food actually is the burger loin says it handles nutrition responsibly. It puts nutritional information about its products on large; poster-size charts on its store walls and in other display areas. The charts show, for instance, that a quarter pounded with cheese has 530 calories and 30 grams of fat. To two Teenagers had no evidence that there health problems were caused solely by eating McDonald’s. Response IL t b I less to taste t companies 1) List the nutritional information of the products that they are selling to the public – Read the nutritional information regarding the food they are eating and understand how it will affect your health and weight. 2) Provide healthy meals on the menu e. G. Salads – Eat a variety of meals not Just those that are bad for you 3) Inform consumers of the health risks involved in eating fast food. Understand health risks associated in eating fast food 4) Promote exercise awareness for customers. Exercise regularly Adolescent nutrition guideline Comparison Nutritional guidelines for an adolescent state you must have eat plenty of vegetables, cereals, lean meant and fish. The total amount of my Kilojoules added up for one meal at McDonald’s was approximately 4000 k]. From my calculations I have gathered that if I ate McDonald’s for breakfast lunch and dinner I would be exceeding my average intake by over kick]. I have found if I eat a healthy breakfast and relatively healthy meat based lunch I can have McDonald’s for Dinner with out exceeding my maximum daily Kilojoules intake. How to cite Evolution of Science, Papers

Nursing Specialty for Aged Care Act-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing Specialty for Aged Care Act. Answer: In aged care, one of that major safety or legal issues that is seen is mainly due to incidence of abuse in older clients. According to the Aged Care Act, it is the responsibility of carers to maintain the rights and responsibilities of aged care such as well treating the client and ensuring the highest quality of care by meeting all health and safety standards of care. However, despite legislations and organizational protocol on aged care, prevalence of elder abuse and neglect has become common (Yon et al., 2017). As a nurse, I explored this issue in my clinical setting where many nurses did not had appropriate attitude towards caring for older adults and they violated their core responsibility of providing safe, appropriate and responsive quality nursing care according to the standard 6 of the registered nurse standards for practice (Registered nurse standards for practice., (2017). Nurses were found to be irresponsive to address elder abuse and report about such issues to relevant authorities. The review of studies has revealed that elder abuse has become prevalent due to understaffed nursing facility, lack of quality caregiver and other societal, cultural and familial influence (Burnes et al., 2015).. In addition, Dong, X. Q. (2015) showed that risk of abuse including physical, financial, emotional abuse and neglect is more in older women compared to older men. Shared living, low income and presence of large family members also increase the risk of financial, emotional and physical abuse. Another issue facing residential aged care in Australia is that professional carers find it difficult to recognize signs of abuse and adequately respond to them. Many staffs do not go ahead with reporting about abuse because of the increase in risk to people due to cognitive impairment, physical frailty and fear of retaliation in elder clients. In this situation, it is necessary nurse understand their professional role in safety of patient and identify differential response to alleviate or prevent mistreatment of elder clients in health care setting. According to the position statement of the Australian College of Nursing on the role of registered nurse in residential aged care facilities, the registered nurse should be present on-site and available at all times to promote safety and well-being of residents. To reduce the incidence of adult abuse, it is necessary for nurses to develop different skills mix such as communicating with clients over difficult topics. The residential care homes or other health care setting should also integrate adult protection principles in daily practice to ensure and develop skills of nurses in recognizing and reporting about abuse in the right time. In the process of treatment and delivery of care, nurses are often required to share information with patients or other members to optimize the care process. However, there are ethical considerations related to sharing of patients information. According to the ethical code of conduct for health care professionals, all of them have the legal and ethical responsibility to protect and respect the privacy and confidentiality of client (Haug, 2017). This is in relevance with the ethical code of autonomy as it enables patient to decide how and with whom their information needs to be shared. HIPAA also reminds regarding health information privacy and suggest that health care professionals who have access to patient records have the obligation to keep the information in confidence. This means clinicians as well as nurse need to advocate, uphold and defend patients right to privacy while sharing patients information with others (Prater, 2017). In addition, the right to privacy has links with patient autonomy as it states that individual patients should be allowed to take their own decision regarding how information is shared. Despite the implementation of legal and ethical standards for maintaining privacy and confidentiality of clients information, nurses are often confronted with challenges in complying with the obligation. This risk is particularly seen when nurses have to look after older patients or those with cognitive impairment who lacks decision making skills. In this situation, they face the biggest dilemma of maintaining the safety of client as well as protecting the privacy of such clients. To take decision for elder people with poor mental and decision making capacity, the nurse have a critical role to balance the best interest of client. Suzuki, C., Ota, K., Matsuda, (2015) also points out that although ethics in information sharing is long recognized while collaborating with other health care organization, however staffs often experience challenges in the extent to which the information should be shared. One of the most important dilemma for nurses is that whether they should give more priority to protecting client confidentiality over the need to share important information with others or vice versa. Other factors that cause conflicts for nurses in information sharing include abuse, mental health problems and poor mental capacity of patient. Conflict mainly arose between autonomy and right to beneficence of client. To balance both the obligation in nursing practice, it is necessary to balance various interests in client information. Nurse and other health professional must also contribute to following all organizational standards established for patient privacy and confidentiality of patient information (Hutchinso n et al., 2014). The learning exercise for module 1 mainly gave the idea about legal or safety issues in aged care due to the prevalence of elder abuse. The main knowledge gained from the exercise was that elder abuse has become common and in clinical setting, it is mainly seen due to low staffing level and burden of other task in clinical setting. The review of research also pointed out to the fact that identifying and responding to abuse becomes difficult for nurses due to the fear of retaliation and vulnerability to harm in older clients. However, one gap in the task was that it did not explained in detail about the health risk to older clients due to incidence of abuse. Hence, gaining knowledge in this area will further motivate the nurses to understand why reporting and responding to elder abuse is a critical responsibility. Considering the health related consequences of abuse in elder adults, it can be said that both physical and psychological effects are huge in affected people. Physical effec ts of abuse included sleep disturbances, susceptibility to new diseases, exacerbation of existing health issues, sleep disturbance and physical pain. In addition, the psychological effects of elder abuse included high level of stress and depression in patients (Dong et al., 2013). A nurse who is sensitive to the consequences of elder abuse are likely to take prompt response in both reporting and treating such patients. The exercise done for second module mainly gave knowledge regarding ethical obligations for health care professionals in maintaining privacy and confidentiality of client information. The nursing dilemma in this context was also seen in people with poor mental capacity and those having illness like dementia. This research points out to the need to improve personal practice by building better nurse-patient relationship. Better interaction with patients regarding decision making for sharing information is likely to minimize conflicts and balance the needs of beneficence and client confidentiality in care too. The success of decision making process in clinical practice is also dependent on nurses capability to understand patients need (Campos Graveto, 2009). Reference Burnes, D., Pillemer, K., Caccamise, P. L., Mason, A., Henderson, C. R., Berman, J., ... Salamone, A. (2015). Prevalence of and risk factors for elder abuse and neglect in the community: a population?based study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(9), 1906-1912. Burnes, D., Pillemer, K., Caccamise, P. L., Mason, A., Henderson, C. R., Berman, J., ... Salamone, A. (2015). Prevalence of and risk factors for elder abuse and neglect in the community: a population?based study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(9), 1906-1912. Campos, D. C. F. D., Graveto, J. M. G. D. N. (2009). The role of nurses and patients' involvement in the clinical decision-making process.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem,17(6), 1065-1070. Dong, X. Q. (2015). Elder abuse: systematic review and implications for practice.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(6), 1214-1238. Dong, X., Chen, R., Chang, E. S., Simon, M. (2013). Elder abuse and psychological well-being: A systematic review and implications for research and policy-A mini review.Gerontology,59(2), 132-142. Haug, C. J. (2017). Whose Data Are They Anyway? Can a Patient Perspective Advance the Data-Sharing Debate?.New England Journal of Medicine,376(23), 2203-2205. Hutchinson, K. M., Shedlin, M. G., Gallo, B., Krainovich-Miller, B., Fulmer, T. (2014). Ethics?in?the?Round: A Guided Peer Approach for Addressing Ethical Issues Confronting Nursing Students.Nursing education perspectives,35(1), 58-60. Prater, V. (2017).Confidentiality, privacy and security of health information: Balancing interests. [online] Available at: https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/resources/articles/confidentiality-privacy-and-security-of-health-information-balancing-interests/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2017]. Registered nurse standards for practice., (2017).Registered nurse standards for practice. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/User00/Downloads/1773726_1981687386_Module1-NMBAstandardracticeofr.PDF [Accessed 10 Oct. 2017]. Suzuki, C., Ota, K., Matsuda, M. (2015). Information-sharing ethical dilemmas and decision-making for public health nurses in Japan.Nursing ethics,22(5), 533-547. Yon, Y., Mikton, C. R., Gassoumis, Z. D., Wilber, K. H. (2017). Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet Global Health,5(2), e147-e156.

Germany Essay Research Paper GermanyOn October 3 free essay sample

Germany Essay, Research Paper Germany On October 3, 1990, the provinces of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) shed their last ties to their Soviet created construction and joined the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . The 23rd article of West Germany # 8217 ; s 1949 fundamental law, the Basic Law, had been drafted specifically to let for such an reaching from the East. But as the 1980s Drew to a stopping point, few Germans on either side of the boundary line expected it to be used in their life-time. Yet, in less than a twelvemonth the beginning of an rush of popular protest came together against the Communist government in East Germany and the formal fusion of Germany on West German footings. At a simple degree, the fundamental law may be seen as a representation of the traditional German desire for lucidity and order, applied to the rights and responsibilities of the person. It can besides be described as a manner of guaranting that the events of the 1930s, peculiarly the rise of facism and absolutism, will neer recur. As a consequence of historical roots in West Germany and past maltreatments by cardinal authorities, Germany is a federation. The powers of the provinces can non be reduced. Each of the federal provinces and Berlin has its ain fundamental law, a democratically elected Parliament, a authorities, administrative bureaus and independant tribunals. However, provinces are adhering to the federal fundamental law, the federal fundamental law is adhering upon the provinces and the federal parliament is responsible for major statute law and policy. The province parliaments chief duty is in two major policy countries: instruction, and jurisprudence and order. Administration of federal statute law is chiefly the duty of the provinces, leting for greater consideration of local demands and issues. This system of authorities Iowa besides intended to convey authorities closer to the people. In many instances, province powers are delegated further to local governments. A farther country of duty for the provinces arives from the parliamentary construction. The legislative organic structure is the Bundestag, but the Bundesrat ( anupper house stand foring ) the provinces must O.K. most statute law. Each province has between three and five ballots in the Bundesrat, depending on the size of its population. Members of the Bundesrat are appointed by the province authoritiess for their continuance within the province authorities. Since province elections are held continually during the term of federal parliament, the members of the upper house may change during the life of a federal authorities. The blessing of the Bundesrat is required for certain types of statute law, Particularly the budget and those impacting the provinces. Differences are normally overcome by a joint commission from the two houses. The lower house, or the Bundestag, consists of a lower limit of 656 deputies. The Bundestag has a talker, or president, normally elected from among the largest parliamentary group. It has three chief undertakings: to move as the legislative organic structure, to elect the federal Chancellor of the Exchequer, and to command authorities activity. Any alterations to the Basic Law requires a two-thirds bulk in both houses of parliament. Thus the resistance parties can forestall amendments to the fundamental law through their representation in either the Bundestag or Bundesrat. The electoral system, finalized in 1956, is designed to both supply a authorities stand foring the wants of the people and relative representation. Campaigners are elected by a bulk ballot in 328 constituencies of approximately equal size. Each province is allocated a quota of MPs for each party, derived from the 2nd, or party ballot. The difference between these Numberss and the Numberss of straight elected representatives is so made up from party lists. A party can win more seats on the straight elected section of the ballot than the figure given by the party list consequences, in which event the size of the lower house is enlarged. This proviso was used in 1990, with the add-on of six seats. To forestall atomization, a party must procure either three direct authorizations or 5 % of the entire ballot to be represented in parliament. This consequences in a barrier to the development of new parties, which must fullfill the 5 % standards without the aid of representation in parliament. Besides, when the pattern of vacancies exist in parliament the places are filled from the party list of the old election instead than by a bye-election, haltering new or little party formation. In the 1990 elections the little, and mostly new, East German parties were allowed, for on clip merely, to organize umbrella groups, side- stepping this restraint. However, province elections occur about ever one time a twelvemonth leting parties to seek and derive representation in a province parliament, frequently by concentrating their attempts. The lower house is elected for a fixed term of four old ages and early elections may merely be called in specific fortunes. The Chancellor of the Exchequer ( caput of authorities ) is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president. In pattern each of the chief parties announces its Chancellor of the Exchequer campaigner before the election, doing the undertaking of the president slightly of a formality. Once elected, the Chancellor of the Exchequer nominates his or her cabinet for presidential blessing, but is still personally responsible to parliament. Individual curates can non originate a ballot of no-confidence. A authorities can merely be voted out if the resistance can set up a bulk for what is known as a constructive ballot of no assurance. In other words, the resistance must be able to supply a working bulk in favor of a new authorities. This occurred in late 1982, when the little Free Democrat Party changed itsfollowing from the governing Social Democrats to the Christian Democrats, enabling the Christian Democrats to organize a alliance. The ability of a authorities to vacate in order to name early elections is besides restricted to cirtain fortunes. When the new authorities of the Christian Democrats and Free Democrats formed after the events of 1982 they decided early elections would be appropriate. However, this determination was forced to be brought up before the constitutional tribunal, and merely because it was the parties merely tactic was it allowed. Although the federal president performs some of the usual formal maps of a caput of province, including subscribing pacts and following the processs for naming the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the function is fundamentally ceremonial. All presidential orders require the counter-signature of the Chancellor of the Exchequer or relevant curate. This duty is concerned with the relieving a figure of the jobs which arose under Germany # 8217 ; s fundamental law of 1919 which gave the president excessively much power and non plenty to the parliament. The president is elected for a five-year term by the full Bundestag and an equal figure of delegates from province parliaments. In the past the election has normally been a formality. Richard von Weizsacker, once Christian Democrat city manager of West Berlin, was elected president in 1984 and re-elected in 1989. His 2nd, and concluding, term comes to an terminal in May 1994. Although normally a former politician, the president is expected to stand above party political relations. In the summer of 1989 the German Bundestag passed the alleged Phase one Postal Reform which came into consequence on January 1, 1990. The reforms included a division between jurisdictional and regulative maps and entrepreneurial maps. The reform besides resulted in associated concern sectors doing up telecommunications, postal services and postal banking. The purpose of these reforms was to let for more competition, trusting this would take to more invention and development in the telecommunication sector. The reforms represented to many in Europe a enormous liberalisation of the German telecommunications market. Under the new construction, the Telekom subdivision of Deutsche Bundespost ( DBT ) was granted a web monopoly. All other sectors of the telecommunications market, including nomadic and satelite communications, which both lawfully belong to the monopoly were liberalized. Gradually, licenses were sold to private endeavors in these little and restricting countries of the monopoly. Within the model of its economic capablenesss, Telekom is lawfully edge to supply both the substructure and the substructure services. As the new Telecommunication construction was being omplemented the fusion of Germany began, detaining the aims of the postal reform. Many Curates used the successfull enlargement of Telekom as a agency of acknowledgment, while proroguing a rapid seperation of the political and entrepreneurial maps. At the beginning of 1990 Telekom had merely merely started altering from a public disposal to an project based on entrepreneurial based organisation. Telekoms actions during and instantly following fusion were still mostly focused on the aims and processs of the old Germany. Therefore, there has been no existent argument between Telekom and the Federal Minister of Posts and Telecommunications ( BMPT ) on what gudelines Telekom should follow when puting in the new federal provinces of the East. Telekomfrom must decide whether it should follow its original political point of view or its new entrepreneurial attack, or whether the two even differ. Such a opinion is non merely desirable, but necessary to find where the duties of Telekom prevarication. In rule, the regulative political and organisational construction set upvalid in the Western German telecommunications sector was besides adhering in the new federal provinces of the East on October3, 1990. This was decided even though the conditions were really different in the former GDR due to the hapless province of development of telecommunications.The rapid installing of a basic substructure was the precedence in the East, while the accent in the West was advancing web and service inventions. Nevertheless the BMPT did small after fusion to alter the regulative political model in this sectorregarding the fortunes bing in Eastern Germany. The monopoly on terminal equipment which had been abandoned in the center of 1990 in Western Germany was maintained in Eastern Germany until the terminal of 1991. The prohibition on private bureaus offering satelite communicating services was eased in mid-1990. At first, certain conditions were attached to publishing these particular licenses, but they were lifted in March 1991. These exclusions to the voice telephone service monopoly are limited until 1997, and have non had any major influence on speed uping the enlargement of the telecommunication service offered. Merely a few private satellite service houses have offered appropriate services as a consequence. In connexion with the rapid betterments in the possibilities for East-West communicating, considerations of cost and quality control have created the major obstruction to a larger scope of services offered by private investors. In June 1991 the BMPT besides extended the license of Mannesmann Mobilfunk, the 2nd cellular Mobile wireless operator chosen for Western Germany in December 1989, to cover the whole of Germany. At the same clip it ordered that Mannesmann was to supply entree to the D2 web for 90 % of the population and 75 % of the country in the new provinces in the East by the terminal of 1994. The two Mobile telephone webs in the 900 MHz set, D2 and D1, which were in the procedure of being developed merely after the political turning point, were in good suited to supplying a considerable enlargement in the services offered in Eastern Germany. With regard to the jobs encountered by the federal authorities in financing German fusion, a particular part to the federal exchequer of about DM 3 billion was imposed on Telekom. The BMPT was able to salvage Telekom and its clients from a greater fiscal load that had originally been planned. In world, nevertheless, this particular part imposes an extra fiscal load on Telekom and makes the telecommunication services it offers in Germany more expensive. After the autumn of the Berlin Wall and of the Communist government at the bend of 1989-90, it was non to unclutter if the developments would stop in a rapid fusion of the two Germanies. Merely months before the summer of 1990, when Germany was to be officially united, a many determinations were taken in East and West Germany that greatly affected the German telecommunication sector. Immediately following the political turning point, every bit early as the beginning of 1990, joint commissions were set up between the BMPT and the GDR ministry responsible, and between DBT Telekom in the West and Deutsche Post Telekom in the East. The chief intent of the commissions was to guarantee the rapid development of the telecommunications substructure in the GDR and steer a compatible amalgamation of the two organisations # 8217 ; regulative organic structures. By March of 1990 ( long before German fusion had been decided ) the two concern endeavors had completed the Telekom 2000 plan to develop substructure in the GDR, leting Deutsche Post Telekom to get down on the enlargement of substructure in the GDR with the fiscal support from DBT Telekom. During the period of the political turning point the forces back uping German fusion gained the upper manus at an early phase within the station and telecommunication sector of the GDR. They stematically reorganized constructions inside the GDR telecommunication sector with this in head. They anticipated Western German restructuring by seperating the GDR Post Ministry from Deutsche Post and by dividing up the concern underytaking into three divisions. These same forces besides prevented different regulative political constructions from developing during these feverish months. It is a fact that foreign web operators are known to hold made offers to the GDR Minister of Posts during this clip, and for a short period the curate really did see licensing a farther ( 3rd ) digital cellular Mobile wireless web operator in the GDR. However, it was decided that guaranting optimal conditions for the smooth brotherhood of telecommunications subdivisions in East and West was their precedence. Their scheme was to accomplish this by making regulative political by making regulative political and organisational constructions which were every bit unvarying as possible. For this ground the sectoral constructions of the Western German telecommunication sector were adopted in the new provinces of the East with practically no alteration. In this regard, developments in the telecommunication sector following the political turning point do non differ from developments in other subdivisions of society, such as the scientific disciplines, the wellness service and others. It is debated whether the constructions introduced by the postal reform were truly suited to the rapid developments in telecommunications in Eastern Germany, or whether it might non hold been better to take a regulative political construction that better matched the state of affairs they faced. With a few exclusions, no such treatments were of all time undertaken. Because of the unexpected velocity with which of German fusion took topographic point, and the tremendous populace force per unit area for immediate noticeable betterments in the industry, it was common to spend hours of unsuccessful efforts to dial Numberss in East-West communicating. Frequencies would hold been available in the 1800 MHz set. However, this thought was non pursued any farther. Presumably the deficiency of any standardisation of DCS 1800 at this clip and regard for the fiscal stableness of DBT Telekom, which had merely launched a DM 60 billion enlargement plan for the new federal provinces in the East, played a major function in this regard. The new federal provinces continued to play a function with the ulterior licensing of a private E1 web operator on the footing of DCS1800 in the spring of 1993, in so far as E-Plus has undertaken to get down developing its web in the East. Besides in the fall and winter of 1990, the Monopolkommission ( Monopolies Commission ) entered the argument, publishing a statement backed by a study recommending a competitory market, or at least beef uping the competitory elements, in the procedure of developing substructure in the East. None of these thoughts were followed up, all chiefly because of the belief that no existent dramatic alteration in developments could be expected from such a major alteration in regulative policy. Development of private investing in the new federal provinces of Eastern Germany could best be described as hesitant. Companies were mostly disbelieving of the industry structure.Because of Telekoms amalgamation with Deutsche Post and its ownership of bing edifices and set down it was merely minimally affected by the jobs of ownership to private companies and administrative processs. The primary aim of all development was to better the telecommunications substructure every bit shortly as possible. Telecommunications was seen as playing a prima function in the procedure of economic recovery and its significance for the turning together of East and West. There was non plenty clip for extra basic experimentation, either on the political or on the technological degree. Another of import political aim behind the procedure of fusion, was the purpose of making a unvarying criterion of life in the East and West. The importance of this nonsubjective and of its deductions within the political procedure has an tremendous influence on overall economic developments in Eastern Germany and the telecommunication sector. In position of the immense extra demand for telephone connexions and telecommunication services, there were economic statements in favour of a crisp addition in duties above those in the West. However, such a policy could neer hold been implemented at the political degree. Telephone duties in the East were brought in line with those in the West as shortly as was technically possible, irrespective of the different conditions in Eastern and Western Germany. Uniform charges were considered politically to be more of import than an economically efficient distribution of the short supply of telephone connexions. Like in many other economic sectors, ends of economic efficiency have lost out to of merely distribution when repairing telephone tarriffs in the new provinces in the East. As a public service, the West German telecommunications system is run by the federal counties. The legal footing of this province monopoly is found in Article 87 of West German basic jurisprudence, which states that the West German PTT has to be conducted by a direct federal disposal with its lower degree of administrative offices. The right of statute law on postal and telecommunication affairs falls entirely on the federal county, harmonizing to Article 73 of the basic jurisprudence. The federal curate for postal and telecommunication services is the caput of the West German PTT. Harmonizing to Article 65 of West German basic jurisprudence the federal curate for postal and telecommunication services, shall carry on the personal businesss of the West German PTT autonomously and on his ain duty. Telecommunication policy formation every bit good as the direction of disposal is the responsability of the federal curate for postal and telecommunication services, . However, his power is is restricted and controlled by the Postal Administration Council ( Para 1, Art 1 of the postal disposal jurisprudence ) . The members include the West German Bundestag, the West German Bundesrat and representatives of the different countries of the economic system every bit good as seven members of the West German PTT trade brotherhood, the Deutsche Postgewerkschaft ( DPG ) , and experts from the Fieldss of broadcast medium and finance ( Para 5, Art 2 ) . All 24 members of the Postal Administration Council are appointed by their national councils or by the curate for postal and telecommunication services ( expert from the field of broadcast medium ) and the curate for finance ( expert from the field of finance ) . Harmonizing to Para 12 of the postal disposal jurisprudence, the council decides on the budget of the West German PTT. Further executive rights extend to conditions on the usage of postal and telecomunication systems, including pricing ( ara 12, Art 4 ) , determinations on the field of activities ( Para 12, Art 5 ) , every bit good as alterations in the proficient telecommunication substructure ( Para 12, Art 6 ) . As an of import control organic structure, the Postal Administration Council has to O.K. all ordinances proposed by the federal curate for postal and telecommunication services.However, the curate for postal and telecommunication services has the power to invalidate determinations of the postal disposal council ( Para 13, Art 1,2 ) . Despite this sort of veto right, the federal authorities every bit good as the Bundestag have no direct control over the West German policies of telecommunication. Yet the West German PTT is obliged to esteem the rules of the political relations of West Germany, harmonizing to Para 2, Art 1 of the postal disposal jurisprudence. However, the rules defined by the federal authorities are so obscure that they can non decently act as a austere footing for prosecuting in telecommunication policies. The influence of the Bundestag is even weaker since the budget of the West German PTT forms a particular fund ( Para 3, Art 1 of the postal disposal jurisprudence ) , over which the West German PTT exercises its ain budgetary rights. The influence of parliament is merely by the engagement of members of parliament in the postal disposal council every bit good as in political places in the federal postal and telecommunication disposal. The consequence is that West German telecommunication policy is designed and implemented around the postal disposal council and the postal disposal. In malice of occasional accusals of self-interest aimed at the postal disposal council, it # 8217 ; s believable that the station disposal has adjusted itself to the possible via medias in the council. This can be backed up by the strong clangs in the council, and by that overturning the postal disposal council excessively frequently would probably take to harmful runs against the council. The development of the telecommunication substructure within this political and institutional model became more and more criticized in the seventiess. Finally it caused the demand for reform within the institutional and political model. The beginnings of the unfavorable judgment came from the rapid technological developments of the sixtiess and 1970s. Dramatic developments in the kingdom of microelectronics and transmittal engineering every bit good as the go oning digitalisation made unifying telecommunication and data-processing possible. This resulted in new quantitative and qualitative demands on the telecommunication substructure. Harmonizing to critics, the West German PTT, by non leting competition, had non been in a place to finish these demands. This unfavorable judgment, chiefly forwarded by the Liberal Democratic Party, was largely concerned with the international fight of West Germany. Further demands for the gap of markets were created by those states which have already deregulated their telecommunication systems, for illustration the UK, USA, and Japan. Germany has eight chief political walls: Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , Free Democrat Party ( FDP ) , Social Democrat Party ( SDP ) , The Greens, The Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) , The Republicans, and the Deutsche Volksunion. Christian Democratic Union The CDU, uniting Catholics abd Protestants, has been the most of import individual party in the development of post-war Germany. Its foreign policy was forged by Konrad Adenauer and is based on the Atlantic confederation. Although it besides accepted the gap to the E initiated in the late sixtiess and early 1970s by Willy Brandt and it is presently concerned with stableness in post-communist Eastern Europe. Its leader, Helmut Kohl, has been Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1982 and still exercises a powerful personal control over the party. The CDU # 8217 ; s domestic policy is based on the construct of the societal market as developed by Ludwig Erhard in the 1950s. Christian Social Union The CSU is a sister party of the CDU. It is Catholic and operates merely in Bavaria where it is non challenged by the CDU. Under the leading of the late Franz Josef Strauss, it was more openly self-asserting in the pursuit of German involvements than the CDU. Its present leader is the finance curate, Theo Waigel. Howevere, Edmund Stoiber, the premier curate of Bavaria, as a more aggressive politician in the tradition of Franz Josef Strauss, is every bit of import. Free Democrat Party The free Democrats are fundamentally a broad party in the European instead than the American sense ; they believe in restricting authorities intervention in all walks of life, including both inquiries like divorce and abortion, and the economic system. On the latter they are by and large to the right of the CDU. However, the FDP # 8217 ; s most dominant personality in the 2nd half of the 1970s, and until his surrender in 1992, was Hans-Dietrich Genscher, who made his name as foreign curate. The present leader, Klaus Kinkel, is besides foreign curate. Social Democrat Party Once Marxist ( though ever democratic ) , the Social Democrats established a programme of matter-of-fact reform known as the Bad Godesberg plan at the terminal of the fiftiess. This paved the manner for Helmut Schmidt, two of Germany # 8217 ; s most influential post-war politicians. The difference between their economic doctrine and the Christian Democrats # 8217 ; societal market is non cardinal. At nowadays, nevertheless, the SPD believes the CDU has failed to confront up to the demand to wage for fusion, and advocates higher revenue enhancements, particularly on the better off. The SPD # 8217 ; s foreign policy has ever emphasized gaps to the E, but non at the disbursal of the Atlantic confederation or the EU. There is a strong pacificist component which presently opposes any German military activity outside Germany, including engagement in UN peacekeeping operations ; nevertheless, it should be said that there are pacificists in all major parties. The Greenss The Greens had a major influence on German policies of all major parties during the 1980s, holding surmounted the 5 % threshold needed to be represented in parliament in the 1983 elections. However, in December 1990 they merely failed to meet this threshold in western Germany, partially because of an internal division between realists and purists. They are represented in the Bundestag because in eastern Germany, where a seperate threshold was provided, they won more than 5 % in confederation with Bundnis 90, a group of protest parties from the former East Germany. They besides participate in regulating alliances in some province parliaments. The Party of Democratic Socialism This is the former SED or governing party of East Germany. Under a moderate leader, Gregor Gysi, who was neer closely associated with the Honecker government, it has attracted the support of some of those who have lost their occupations or places as a consequence of fusion. The Republicans and Deutsche Volksunion The Republicans and Deutsche Volksunion represent patriot forces on the far right of German political relations. They have played on the in-migration issue.

Three Fairly New British Language References

Three Fairly New British Language References Three Fairly New British Language References Three Fairly New British Language References By Maeve Maddox Motivated by the lively debates about where to put commas, and the controversy over â€Å"gone missing,† I’ve added some up-to-date British references to my print reference library. The three newcomers to my shelves are: Penguin Dictionary of English Grammar by R. L. Trask, 2000. As the title implies, this guide arranges topics and terms in alphabetical order. It includes every permutation of terminology from the traditional ones I grew up with to the innovations born of transformational grammar and Quirk Grammar. Here one can find definitions of subject raising, subjuncts, adjuncts and conjuncts, along with more immediately useful terms as double negative, paradigm, relative pronoun and usage. A lot of the terms are, however, a bit esoteric. While it’s a great resource for me in my line of work, there’s probably nothing here you can’t find online at OWL or any of the other free references mentioned in Online Style Guides. Penguin Guide to Punctuation by R. L. Trask, 1997. Trask does more than present rules and made-up textbook examples. His personality comes through as he discusses badly punctuated passages, often speculating as to why certain errors are made. It’s extremely readable, whatever page you open to. Of the ten chapters, seven deal with specific punctuation marks: 2: The Full Stop, the Question Mark and the Exclamation Mark 3: The Comma 4: The Colon and the Semicolon 5: The Apostrophe 6: The Hyphen and the Dash 7 Capital Letters and Abbreviations 8 Quotation Marks Chapter 1 explains the practical importance of punctuation. Chapter 7 gives rules for capitalizing and abbreviating. Chapter 9 deals with typographical considerations and Chapter 10 discusses the punctuation of essays and letters. I’m still in the process of getting acquainted with it, but this punctuation guide promises to be a treasure. Having British usage all in one place will be a great help as I write future posts. Penguin Writer’s Manual by Martin H. Manser and Stephen Curtis, 2002. As might be expected, there’s some overlap with the other two books. This one book has everything a writer needs in a basic reference. Part One deals with the mechanics of writing: 1 Grammar 2 Usage 3 Vocabulary 4 Spelling 5 Punctuation 6 Abbreviations. Part Two gets into the specifics of style, revision, and types of writing. There’s also a generous glossary of grammatical terms. In case youre wondering: Quirk grammars: A series of grammars of English written by Randolph Quirk and his colleagues. Though rather traditional in orientation, these grammars are informed by contemporary linguistic research. They introduce a certain amount of novel terminology. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†How to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

Job evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job evaluation - Essay Example The 'worth' of a job is usually based on judgments of skill, effort (physical and mental), responsibility (supervisory and fiscal), and working conditions. The advantage of this method is that it is very simple. It is also very effective when there are only few jobs (less than 30) to be evaluated. Its disadvantage is that it is difficult to implement when there are plenty of jobs to be evaluated. Furthermore, rank judgments are often subjective making it unreliable. There are also no standards used for comparison; thus, to determine the rank of new jobs it has to be compared always with existing jobs. There are several types of ranking method namely: simple ranking, alternation ranking and paired comparison. Simple ranking ranks the jobs according to their overall value to the organization. In alternation ranking the job descriptions are ordered alternately at each extreme. An agreement is reached among evaluators on which job is the most valuable, then the least valuable; then the n ext-most valued, then the next-least valued; and so on until all the jobs have been ordered. Paired comparison on the other hand involves comparing all possible pairs of jobs to be evaluated. The second method of job evaluation is classification.

Retailing Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Retailing Final - Essay Example Efficient store operation of Aldi is a way to convey the best customer experience. This remarkably will give significant reputation for the entire store based on the ability of its customers to disseminate response about their experience. This what makes this competitive advantage sustainable and it is through this that customers are playing major role towards its great success in the future. Customers therefore are needed to be enhanced with high level of satisfaction and Aldi tries to get this by conveying the best customer experience through efficient store operations. This means that all aspects in the operation involving the issue of customer satisfaction are closely taken into account. On the other hand, the increasing network of limited assortment stores of Aldi is another important source of sustainable competitive advantage. In this way, there is a good chance to highly differentiate the products and services offerings of the company. In line with this, there is a great oppo rtunity to increase the demand for products offered by Aldi in the global setting. This is also a good opportunity for the company to increase its chance to maximize the resources available from other countries. For one thing, China and India are good places for business as they are known to have cheap labor. However, for Aldi, the context of expansion deals primarily with business environmental factors. Under politics, it is important to consider existing policies for international business in both China and India. The aftermath of economic downturn is also a significant factor to consider prior to the global expansion of Aldi. This is going to be a challenge for Aldi’s competitive advantage knowing that China and India are also affected with economic recession across the globe. Putting up a business after all requires thorough consideration of economic activities and other factors. The next factor that would become a challenge for Aldi’s potential global expansion is the political environment. Various policies in business are determined by political settings of a country. In reality, this really affects how an international company would perform and adjust its internal business operation. Finally, another important factor that may be a great challenge for Aldi in its expansion is under the social context. China and India are home to huge consumers that have different preferences, geographic orientation and all other related social concerns. In particular, this is going to be a challenge for Aldi since this is going to take more time and effort to understand. There is a need to develop more systematic approach to identify how many exactly of the consumers are willing to go for limited assortment items. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List and discuss all important characteristics of the fast response model used by Zara. Discuss key barriers limiting the company’s ability to duplicate this business model overseas, especially in Asia.   Answer: Za ra is known for its fast response model. This is potentially a quite advantage for the company as far as the trend and buying behavior of consumers change over time. It is because of this that there is a need to list and discuss all important characteristics of the fast response model of Zara. The fast response model of Zara is determined based on its concept. The world is home to fast changing demand for designs, innovation and the like. Thus, there is a need to

Close examination of global financial systems Essay

Close examination of global financial systems - Essay Example Not only is the existing function of German universal banking overemphasized, it perhaps never was as important as advocated, even at its peak by the turn of the century. The image that appears is not constant with the claim that German universal banks applied considerable power on industrial businesses and offered large amounts of funding (Bongini et al, 2009, p. 76). Even though there were a number of instances of this, these were the exceptions to the general rule, which was for businesses to support themselves on the inside largely. Pragmatic study on the relative values of bank-based as well as market-based financial systems has focused on â€Å"Germany and Japan as bank-based systems and the United States and the United Kingdom as market-based systems† (World Bank, 2012, p. 111). The bank-based idea emphasizes on the constructive function of banks in activating resources, categorizing good ventures, supervising executives, and dealing with risk. The bank-based approach a s well emphasizes on the relative limitations of market-based systems. Especially, highly sensitive markets promptly expose data within public markets, which diminishes the inducements for individual shareholders to obtain information. Therefore, better market expansion may hinder inducements for classifying pioneering ventures that encourage development. Banks, on the other hand, alleviate this setback as they create continuing links with businesses and do not disclose data instantaneously within public. Advocates of the bank-based approach as well highlight that liquid markets form a prejudiced investor environment. In liquid markets, investors can economically trade their shares, so that they have smaller number of inducements to apply thorough corporate control. As a... After bringing up the main the main topic of the essay, we see that it makes a few valid points to argue about. Whereas the function of financial systems is argued, the performance of different types of financial systems is even more greatly argues. Banks in Germany are mainly accountable for the growth of the nation, having promoted and developed its industries. To them, more than any other group may be attributed the wonderful outcomes yet realized. The essay goes deeper into the topic by bringing other examples. Pragmatic study on the relative values of bank-based as well as market-based financial systems has focused on â€Å"Germany and Japan as bank-based systems and the United States and the United Kingdom as market-based systems† (World Bank, 2012, p. 111). The essay says that theoretically, the financial services notion is completely compatible with both the bank-based as well as market-based approaches. Later, we are given pieces of advice, such as: when trying to con trol the design of a financial system, the study recommends that supervisory bodies should not intently concentrate on banks and markets independently, but rather see them as essential components of a co-developing system. In conclusion, we see that when trying to control the design of a financial system, the study recommends that supervisory bodies should not intently concentrate on banks and markets independently, but rather see them as essential components of a co-developing system.

The detection of online child abuse in UK

The detection of online child abuse in UK Introduction The explosion and availability of the internet have seen huge advancements in the world of communications and business. However, along with the benefits the internet has created a new environment for criminals to engage in criminal activity. Theft and fraud are the more common crimes committed on the internet but a more disturbing crime is on the increase. Child abuse has been around for centuries but with advancements in technology, the upsurge in social networking sites and instant messenger services, children are now at greater risk from online sexual abuse within their own homes as the PC, gaming consoles and even mobile phones become the gateways for abusers and organised networks of criminals to prey. This reports aims to look at the way the United Kingdom legal system alongside national and international agencies are working together in order to tackle the growing problem of online child abuse. This report will also highlight cases of abusers who have been jailed for their crimes and also highlight the roles played by Internet Service providers, the media, charities, education and families who all have a role to play in keeping children safe online. What Constitutes Child Abuse? In order to discuss the prosecution and detection of child abuse, it is important to primarily define the term child abuse. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1999) the term child abuse refers to the ill treatment of children which includes sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the childs health, development or dignity (World Health Organisation, 1999) or in its purest form when an adult intentionally hurts a child under the age of 18 (NSPCC, 2011). It is difficult to define the term online child abuse as it encompasses all of the charcteristics of the current definition of child abuse as already described however, the term online reflects the methodology deployed by the offenders. Online child abuse has many characteristics, e.g., bullying, and more serious offences such as creating and downloading images of sexually abused children or approaching children to engage in sexual conduct either o nline or offline (HUWY, 2011) now legally known as grooming under The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (s14 s15). A well publicised example of this was witnessed In Durham Crown Court, March 2010, where Peter Chapman was convicted of sexually assaulting and murdering 17 year old girl Ashleigh Hall who he had lured through the social networking site Facebook. He created the persona of a teenage youth in order to lure Ashleigh Hall into meeting him (Stokes, P, 2010). At the trial it is estimated Chapman had used the social networking site to make contact with 2981 females between the ages of 13 and 31 (Armstrong, et al., 2010). Internet Usage Since 2001, the number of children using the internet has increased dramatically. A report commisioned by the London School of Economics in 2005 (UK Children Go Online) estimated in the 9 to 19 years age group, 75% of children had internet access at home, rising to 92% access at school (Livingstone, et al., 2005). A report by Ofcom in 2008 indicated that 35% of all 12 to 15 year olds had access to the internet in their bedrooms, 16% of 8 to 11 year olds and even children in the 5 to 7 year age group accounted for 3% (OFCOM, 2009). As technology has developed and the internet is now more accessible through other platforms such as mobile phone technology and online gaming consoles, the UK Council for Child Internet Child Safteys Click Clever Click safe campaign highlighted the Ofcom report by revealing that of the 44 million people who currently have internet access in the UK, 99% were in the 8 to 17 year age group (OFCOM2009 cited in UKCCIS, 2009). Although it is virtually impossible to quantify the total number of unprosecuted online child abuse offences, a report conducted in 2000 by the Internet Crime forum (ICF) estimated that 1 in 5 children online had been approached by paedophiles or other undesirables online (cited in Childnet, 2001). In view of the increasing usage of the internet and mounting crime against children committed online, in 2007, the Labour Government sanctioned an independent review into child online safety and commissioned Dr Tanya Byron to produce a report detailing the risks and effects of children surfing online. The Safer Children in a Digital World report was published in April 2008 and recommended a national strategy for Child Safety and a shared culture of responsibility in order to sustain safety (Byron, 2008). The report focused on the need for legislation, education and parents to all play their role in internet safety. The childrens charity Barnardos as recently as January 2011 reported in their publication Puppet on a String, (Barnardos, 2011) the dangers of child exploitation both on and offline. Using figures recorded by CEOP, Barnardos revealed a 16% year on year increase of reported crimes of which 25% were directly of an online nature. In 2008/9, 5411 crimes were recorded and by 2009/10 that had increased to 6291 (CEOP, 2010). As well as potential for criminal contact between adults and children, the internet has become a portal for offenders to upload and view images an videos of children engaged in sexual acts. There are no official or unofficial figures on the number of child abuse images on the internet but of the 34,871 websites reported to the Internet Watch Foundation in 2007, 85% of those contained images of children in a sexual nature (IWF, 2008). Undoubtedly the rise in internet use and availability of web services will create opportunities for offenders to distribute indecent photographs and videos of abused children, hence the number of pictures will inevitably increase. (Taylor, et al, 2003 cited: Byron, 2008, 3.41, p51). As the use of the internet by children increases and its portability through technology advances further, its is increasingly more important that children, parents and teachers are more aware and knowledgeable of the dangers of being online. This goes hand in hand with mechanisms in place to prevent and report unsolicited or criminal activity and adequate legislation to convict offenders of these heinous crimes. Online Child Abuse and UK Law Legislation created to protect children and subsequently prosecute those guilty of child abuse offences in the United Kingdom falls under many acts of legislation in the UK legal system. The Children and Young Persons Act of 1933, (part 1, c12) still in force today, states the legal obligation to protect children from the prevention of Cruelty and Exposure to Moral and Physical Danger (Childrens and Young Persons Act 1933, c12, 2011). Section 1 (1) of The Indecency with Children Act of 1960, goes further by stating it is an offence to individually or with another incite or engage in acts of gross indecency with a child (Childnet, 2001) and is therefore liable for conviction . Today the legislation for the protection of children online or offline is rooted in The Children Act (1989) and the Sexual Offences Act of 2003. Section 31 of The Children Act states that harm to a child legally constitute the ill-treatment, impairment of health or development of a child which can include sexual abuse and non physical ill treatment (The Children Act 1989, 2011)S31, [f3, (9). The Protection of Children Act 1978 (England and Wales) (c.37) states it is illegal to take, possess, distribute or publish indecent photographs of children under the age of 16 [f22,(6). In May 2004, The Sexual Offences Act (2003, S.45), amended the age limit to include children up to the age of 18 unless defendants could prove they were a) in a relationship with the child involved (section 1A (1) and b) the child had consented to the photographs being taken (section 1A (4). In April 2008, The Police and Justice Act (2008, s39,) revised section 11 of The Protection of Children Act 1978 further by giving the police the powers to remove and retain indecent photographs of children under the age of 18 unless the defendant could prove they had a legitimate reason for being in possession of such material (IWF,2011). In August 2008, Paul Hagan was charged and convicted in Teesside Crown Court for possessing 15,000 child abuse images and distributing nearly 4400 to others. It is estimated that the website collectively had nearly a million indecent images and video clips relating to child abuse (Hunter, 2010). Computer generated Images, not necessarily photographs that depict or infer children engaging in sexual activity are also illegal and fall under the remit of the Coroners and Justice Act (2009) pt2, ch2, (65). This Act defines an image as a moving or still image produced by any means (legislation.gov.uk, 2011) Where the offence involves technology, Online Child abuse is still dealt with as an offence against the child and is determined and punishable also under many acts of the UK legal system in both the criminal and civil courts. However, new legislation incorporates the new methodologies of Child abuse not applicable in for example the creation of The Children and Young Persons Act of 1933; a time when information technology was not invented. The Sexual Offences Act of 2003 was produced as a result of a government investigation in 2000 into sexual offences. The Home Secretary at that time, David Blunkett, viewed the existing legislation and legally and socially outdated and inadequate to deal with mounting public pressure to deal seriously with sex offenders and also to reflect changing social attitudes. (Batty, D, 2003). The Sexual Offences Act (c42, Part 1 sections 14 15) relates to the relatively new offence of sexual grooming. Sexual grooming in the UK is legally defined as communicating with a child with the intention of meeting in order to commit a sexual offence (The National Archives, 2010). If an adult (a person over the age of 18) is seen to have attempted to make contact and arrange to meet with a child on more than one occasion with the intention of committing a sexual act, they will be liable to prosecution under the Sexual offences Act of 2003 s15, (1)(a). Successful prosecutions of this offence can lead to prison sentences of ten years (Sexual Offences Act 2003 s15, (4)(b). Further to this revision, another new law came into force to further protect children further. Under Section 42 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 part 2, 123 (a)(b), A senior police chief can apply to the courts for a civil Risk of Sexual Harm Order (The Crown Prosecution Service, 2011) against an adult who has previo usly been involved in illicit conduct with a child on more than one occasion even if they may not have necessarily been convicted of such crime. The Risk of Sexual Harm order serves to protect children by placing a minimum of a 2 year order on an adult considered to be a threat to not engage in any form of sexual activity, whether it is verbal, via instant messaging services or in internet chat room (Blackburn City Council, 2011) . On conviction of any sexual offence whether online or offline involving a child (post 1997), the offender is placed on the Sex Offenders Register and will have to comply with orders governed under Sexual Offences Act (2003) c42, part 2, Section 81 (1) that relate to the Sex Offenders Act (1997) pt1. Under this act the offenders must report to a Police station within 3 days of conviction and inform of any address changes or movement which may involve them being away from their current address for more than 7 days. Failure to comply can result in a 5 year jail term (CPS, 2011). Offenders can remain on the sex offenders register indefinitely if their conviction for this offence resulted in a 30 month or more jail sentence. For jail sentences of a lesser term, the length of time spent on the register is seven to ten years or half that time if the offender is less than 18 years old (Batty, 2006). Having served jail sentences and being placed on the Sex Offenders register, under the Proceeds of Crime Act (2002) and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act (2005) (SOCA, 2011), the police now have the power to remove/seize assets of offenders that have been made through Child abuse offences. This act enables police to confiscate goods through any criminal conduct deemed so in UK law. (The Guardian, 2009). Detecting Online Abuse Responsibility for the detection and prosecution of offline and increasingly more online Child abuse crimes in the UK involves a myriad of specialised agencies. The sensitive nature of this crime requires specialist, sensitive and professional management from the start of an investigation to the end from the childs perspective and the alleged offender. Successful convictions are to be commended; yet cases where there has been an arrest but no conviction can have ominous consequences for those involved. The Government, Crown Prosecution Service, E crime units at local police forces, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), charities such as The Internet Watch Foundation, local authorities and education all play a role in the protection of children from child abuse. The UK collaborates with European directives and international organisations in order to share information and specialist advice. At European level, the Council of European Convention on the Protection of Children against sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse came into force in July 2010 (CET.201), stating each member states responsibility to protect children and enforce the law on child abuse offences (EU, 2010) in accordance with Section . Further to this, there are currently proposals to extend the powers each governments hold further to force internet service providers to adhere to the Internet Watch Foundations (IWF) block list of offending web sites and remove the site from the host (Williams, 2011). On a worldwide level, The Virtual Global Taskforce is an example of one such organisation that operates on an international level. The Global Virtual Taskforce was formed in 2003 and consists of 7 multinational police forces from countries such as The UK, Canada and Australia who pool information and strategies in order to protect and educate children and ensure prosecution of offenders (VGT, 2011). Interpol also have a central database of suspects and the movement of offenders whom it shares with specialised units within police forces worldwide known as the International Child Sex Exploitation image Database (ICSE-DB) (INTERPOL, 2010). Interpol also release what are termed as green notices to organisations involved in Child abuse detection to warn of the movement of a convicted offender who may have located in their area (INTERPOL, 2010). Child Exploitation and Online Protection Service (CEOP) The key taskforce currently operating in the UK today created specifically to report, detect and tackle the growing problem of online child abuse is the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Service, otherwise known as CEOP. CEOP was created in 2006 as an independent central unit for detecting individuals and paedophile rings that use the internet to commit such crimes. All UK reported cases of Child abuse whether relating to on or offline offences are reported to CEOP. CEOP was the result of the creation of the Serious Organised Crime Agency (2006) (SOCA) which in turn overhauled the National Hi-tech Crime Unit of 2001 (NHTCU). The NHTCU was originally created to tackle the growing problem of all crime committed on the internet. With the creation of SOCA, the NHTCU was incorporated into SOCAs E crime unit and online crimes against the child fell under the remit of CEOP. CEOP is a multi professional unit of the police force which operates alongside and with the full power of the law. Based on information received, CEOP has the authority to investigate and on successful proof of evidence, prosecute offenders The organisation consists of highly trained police officers, IT experts, with assistance from internet service providers (ISP), local authorities, psychologists and educational agencies who collaborate in order to identify, locate and protect children from potential abuse (CEOP, 2006-10). The organisation has an online reporting mechanism on their website for the public to use if they suspect or have been a victim of child abuse. It also holds a database of the most wanted suspects who are currently wanted for questioning in relation to child sex abuse offences. CEOP have also created with the assistance of social networking sites like Facebook, a panic button known as ClickCEOP enabling children to click and report unsolicited or potentially criminal activity (Allan, 2010). The main function of CEOPS is the detection of online crime against children. Intelligence gathering is one of the key activities of the organisation and involves working nationally and internationally with police forces and experts to coordinate information and track activity across computer networks. CEOP also with the assistance of other agencies attempts to trace convicted offenders who have contravened their conditions determined under the Sex Offenders register. With the authority from The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2002, (RIPA), CEOP is able to share information with other police authorities and non police agencies e.g. local government authorities and councils, as the knock on effects of Child abuse often will require intervention from Social services departments. CEOP is a multi faceted organisation. As well as crime detection CEOP operates preventative measures and works alongside other organisations e.g. NSPCC and software companies like Microsoft to help eradicate online child abuse. It also plays a major role in the education and training of professionals who work within this field, e.g. police officers, social workers and regards itself as a truly holistic organisation that not only deals with the responsibility of detecting crime but works as an agency that endeavours through research and detection methods to trace movement of offenders and offences. This technique known as crime mapping facilitates in locating individuals and organised gangs and pinpoints areas where these crimes have been committed in order to forewarn local police forces and monitor offenders before they offend again. CEOP also aim to educate and promote awareness of safely using the internet through its campaigns such as its thinkuknow website which was developed to educate children and adults responsible for the web safety of children (Thinkuknow, 2007). Since its launch in 2006, CEOP and its associated agencies have seen dramatic rises in the numbers of offenders successfully brought to justice. Official figures from the CEOP website indicate in the years 2009-10, 1121 offenders were arrested compared to 83 in 2006-07 (CEOP, 2010). In the same period, the organisation has also been responsible for smashing 262 paedophile networks in comparison to 29 in 2006-7 (CEOP , 2010). The creation of a National Crime Agency in 2013, proposed by the current Government will see the merger of CEOP with SOCA and the UK Border Agency into one solitary unit. This has been met with in trepidation by those involved as there are fears CEOP will lose its independence and ability to provide a holistic service. The former head of CEOP, Jim Gamble resigned his post believing the move away from a dedicated child abuse unit will seriously but children at risk and return the service to a police department with little scope for all the other services the organisation currently provides(Booth, 2010) (Police Oracle, 2011). The Internet Watch Foundation Another key organisation involved in the fight against online child exploitation is the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF). The IWF is a registered charity formed in 1996 by members of the internet industry. Funded by the EU, the IWF operates alongside law enforcement agencies including CEOP and the internet industry and attains to tackle, block and remove illegal content on the web. The IWF does not have the legal powers of CEOP as it is not part of the UK police force but works and reports to the police on all website activity it investigates and is considered illegal under UK Law. THE IWF operates in conjunction with CEOP and operates a notice and takedown policy (IWF, 1996-2011) which enables them to block or remove UK websites which host illegal content. Where the images are hosted internationally the IWF can block UK access and then informs the relevant agencies of the country where the material is hosted. The IWF does not have the authority to remove content held on international servers and different laws apply in different countries, i.e. what the UK may deem offensive or containing criminal content might not be the case in another country. Amongst its other remit the IWF operates an online reporting mechanism on their internet homepage asimilar to the one provided by CEOP that enables internet users to report websites that may contain indecent images of children or criminal content. The IWF maintain a database or block list of websites believed to host illegal content which it distributes to internet services providers, mobile phone and communications o perators both nationally and internationally. This enables those in the industries to take action to break up networks of crime. Since its Launch in 1996, the IWF has dramatically reduced the volume of child abuse content hosted by UK websites. In 2003 criminal content known to the IWF stood at 1% compared to 18% in 1997 (IWF, 1996-2011). In 2007, the IWFs annual report revealed they were aware of 2755 publicly available websites not hosted in the UK that were displaying child abuse images (IWF, 2008) Case Study: Operation Ore One of the largest and most controversial UK investigations into online child abuse occurred in 1999 and resulted in the arrest of over 3700 men in the UK for online child abuse offences (Hirsch, et al., 2010). The ramifications of this investigation are still ongoing today and heralds the need for those involved in Child abuse detection and prosecution to ensure technological advances and considerations are at fundamental to the enquiry in order to reflect that the evidence is proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), which preceded CEOP ran an enquiry termed as Operation Ore and was the upshot of an existing investigation into online child pornography in the United States knows as Operation Avalanche. Operation Avalanche was an investigation involving a married couple from Dallas, Texas in April 1999. Thomas and Janice Reedy had amassed a personal fortune by creating a network of websites trading as Landslide productions, which enabled users to subscribe to access predominantly adult porn sites. Within the website there was an opportunity to access child abuse images. Although Thomas Reedy had not created, uploaded or hosted the images or websites, he had facilitated others to use the Landslide website as a portal to child pornography websites based in other countries. On their arrest, US police officers discovered a list of 300,000 credit card holders from 60 countries who had subscribed to the Landslide website (CBC News, 2003). On receipt of t his list, the US police authorities informed the UK police that within those credit card numbers found, approximately 7000 of those were UK based and proceeded to provide the UK police force with the names of those involved (BBC, 2002) . On the substantiation of the credit card details provided by the US authorities, the UK police began the largest investigation into online child abuse offences ever witnessed in the UK. Of the 7000 names exchanged, it is estimated that more than 2600 of those have been convicted of child abuse offences (Wardrop, 2009) and all of those cautioned and convicted have been placed on the sex offenders register (The Yorkshire Post, 2009). Operation Avalanche was heralded as a triumph in the fight against child abuse crimes in the United States. The US investigation was commended for the professional manner in which it handled the operation. Of the 35,000 suspected offenders, following meticulous investigations, 144 homes were searched and 100 people arrested (Campbell, 2005). In the UK, all of the names on the list were immediately placed on the sex offenders register before investigations had been completed (The Yorkshire Post, 2009). CEOP who took over the investigation from the NCIS also judge the ongoing operation to be a complete success having cautioned or convicted 2600 offenders (Laville, 2009). The Operation Ore investigation is not without controversy. Many believe that the basis for prosecution was solely placed on the credit card details passed to UK authorities with little thought given to the actuality that subscribers may not have consciously accessed the links directing them to child abuse images or knew the website presented such a service. As the website was predominantly directed at adult pornography, the vast majority users would have admitted to paying for adult services. The names of those alleged offenders were also leaked to a national newspaper, the Sunday Times, (Cullen, 2003) and included professionals and high profile names from the music industry of which many were publicly named causing widespread distress. This in turn also victimised those on the list before they had the opportunity to defend themselves. It is estimated that over 30 of those accused of viewing child abuse images have committed suicide in the wake of Operation Ore (Oates, 2006). Gibraltar based Forces Commodore, David White, was suspended of his duties and took his own life in 2005 having been investigated under Operation Ore. At the inquest, the Ministry of Defence police has written to the Navy to confer there was no substantive evidence (Herbert, 2005) to prove that Commodore White had partaken in any of the crimes he was accused of. An additional concern of the enquiry was that no consideration had been given to the possibility of credit card identity theft. One such instance of this was the case of Consultant Dr Paul Grout who was under investigation and in April 2004 successfully proved his innocence in Hull Crown Court. Dr Grout had paid for a restaurant meal in the UK by the means of his credit card; his details had been fraudulently stolen and had fallen into the hands of a user in the United States (Leppard, 2005). In a recent case not under the remit of Operation Ore, a man was acquitted of downloading child pornography at Southwark Crown Court in October 2010 and awarded  £180,000 in damages after his PC had been affected by a virus. In the process of the investigation the accused, Chris Singam, had been originally investigated by the Fraud squad rather than specialists in online child sex abuse crime. Mr Singam had been found not guilty based on the evidence of a computer specialist who provided technical evidence to prove that the computers in his office had been attacked by a virus and he had not intentionally download illegal images (Welham, 2010). In the process of the investigation, Mr Singams business had collapsed and he had been ostracised by the local community (Shorter, 2010). Although these cases should not reflect away from the successful convictions for these offences, Operation Ore has exposed the human effects of those involved in Child abuse investigations. The effects on family life and career progression will have far reaching consequences even if the accused is found not guilty. An expert witness, Duncan Campbell, who gave evidence in one of the many Operation Ore investigations, reflects on the stigma attached to individuals in these cases and argues that internet users in such cases can become the victims through a combination of technical naivety and fear (Campbell, 2005). It is also clear that technology raises many issues than is evident in offline child abuse cases. Establishing guilt through a users PC or mobile phone records may prove difficult. Although technology can provide the trails of data evidence, it cannot necessarily prove the activity was paved through the actions of the accused. That will require the use of highly trained specialists to work alongside traditional policing methods to successfully prove liability. Conclusion Undoubtedly the Internet has given those who partake in online child sex abuse, a gateway to view pornographic images and an effortless passage through social networking sites and messenger services the potential to sexually abuse children offline. Keeping safe 99% of children in the UK between the ages of 8 and 17 years old with internet access is a colossal task. In view of the rise in internet service and the number of children using the internet, it is evident that the Government through legislation and policing, alongside the internet industry, educational and charitable organisations are proactively working to make the internet a safer place. Revisions of outdated Acts of Parliament are enabling the courts to prosecute offenders under new laws as technology increasingly plays its role in crime. However, technology moves faster than legislation and the Law may not be prepared for technological advances. Educating children and parents through online safety campaigns such as the thinkuknow campaign will alert users not only to the dangers of internet use and will empower them to report suspected crimes making the internet a safer place for others. This could be improved further by television campaigns to reach a wider audience. Dedicated UK specialist organisations such as CEOP and the IWF are working in collaboration with national, European and International organisations to pool data resources as networks of internet crimes operate on a global level. This can only benefit the fight against child online abuse as networks cover global areas. However, there is not a global strategy or organisation in which all countries participate. The Virtual Global taskforce could extend to include other countries in order to be truly international. And finally, Operation Ore reminds us of the emotive nature of involvement in Child abuse cases whether on or offline. Although a large number of offenders were successfully and rightly prosecuted under this investigation, large numbers of those have been left with a lifelong stigma which surrounds this type of offence due to flaws in technical evidence. The need for highly specialised experts is paramount to ensure not only the safety of children on the internet but to bring offenders to justice for their crimes and to protect those not guilty of these crimes from persecution.